Proper identification, use, care and maintenance of all equipment is continued. Administration of medications by different routes is taught. The student will learn techniques for venipuncture, catheterizations and urine and vaginal sample collection. Fluid therapy is covered in depth, instruction includes general nursing care of hospitalized patients, orphans, newborns, post-parturient dams, and principles of pain management. The student will be instructed on basic procedures such as vaginal exams, care of tracheotomy, pharyngostomy and chest tube sites, preparation of wounds and abscesses for treatment. The student will be able to discuss and/or perform all procedures covered and identify any common complications. Students will learn veterinary first aid procedures and emergency protocols. Humane euthanasia and maintenance of legal record and log books is covered. Identification, use, care and maintenance of surgical instruments, equipment and supplies is covered in detail. Students learn to prepare facilities, patients and equipment for surgical procedures with strict adherence to principles of sanitation and sterilization. Students will participate in surgical procedures as a surgical assistant and will learn to pass instruments, care for exposed tissue and provide suction or cautery. Students become responsible for post-operative cleanup of the patient, equipment and facilities and follow up with patient monitoring and surgical records.

Review of skills learned throughout the program by performing the tasks and responsibilities of an Animal Health Technician in a clinic and pharmacy setting. The student will perform reception duties, book, admit and discharge patients, perform laboratory tests, administer medications, monitor patients and discuss cases on rounds, maintain records, files and inventories and many other duties required of an Animal Health Technician in a private practice. The student is expected to demonstrate teamwork and cooperation at all times.

A review of the purpose, functions and normal variations of the immune system is covered. Disorders of the immune system will be classified into broad categories and includes discussion of clinical signs, diagnostic procedures and treatment principles of some common immunological conditions. Students will learn the concepts and application of basic immunological tests and vaccination procedures. Principles of blood grouping and transfusions are covered.

Students will learn the principles of radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasonography and endoscopy. Identification, use, care and maintenance of equipment and supplies is covered with emphasis on safety. Students will learn to position patients, operate equipment and develop images that produce diagnostic quality results.

Students will develop knowledge and skills covered in previous lab courses, as well as learning to collect, prepare and evaluate samples for clinical chemistry and cytology.

Instruction on the commonly used anesthetic agents will include their modes of action, human health implications and WHMIS considerations. Students will learn to perform a pre-anesthetic work up, calculate and administer pre-anesthetics, induce and maintain general anesthesia using different agents, techniques and systems. Monitoring of patients includes recognition of anesthetic stages and proper use of monitoring devices. Appropriate responses to anesthetic complications and emergencies will be covered. Appropriate analgesics and analgesic protocols will be discussed.

Students are introduced to hematological procedures and will learn to identify normal blood parameters and cells. A review of the CBC in the lab and lecture will improve the student's ability to perform hematological tests. The student will learn to evaluate the erythron, leukon and hemostatis by recognizing and interpreting abnormal results and identifying possible causes of those results. Hemopoietic neoplasia is discussed. Case studies will be used extensively in presentation of course material.

Review of the courses they have completed. Students will receive special presentations, guest speakers and discussion of cases or rounds on the clinic rotations when possible.

Proper identification, use, care and maintenance of all equipment is emphasized. Basic grooming procedures, hoof, nail, ear and eye conditions and care are taught. Students will learn about physical therapy, bandaging, splinting, casting, and wound healing. Recognition and treatment of complications of improper techniques are covered.

Life cycles of significant nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, arthropods and protozoa are covered. Instruction includes pathogenesis of common veterinary parasites, treatment and control measures and human health implications. The students will learn to prepare samples and identify these parasites and their ova or oocysts using common laboratory techniques.